Tag: protein interaction

Medical Subject Headings is the National Library of Medicine - controlled vocabulary used for indexing articles for PubMed and other NLM databases.

STRING is a database of known and predicted protein interactions. The interactions include direct (physical) and indirect (functional) associations.

REACTOME is an open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.

The Biological General Repository for Interaction Datasets (BioGRID) is a curated biological database of protein-protein interactions, genetic interactions, chemical interactions, and post-translational modifications.

IntAct provides a database system and analysis tools for molecular interaction data. All interactions are derived from literature curation or direct user submissions. IntAct (with MINT) is a Core Data Resource of ELIXIR. IntAct contains data from all ...

Database that aims to advance understanding about how environmental exposures affect human health. It provides manually curated information about chemical–gene/protein interactions, chemical–disease and gene–disease relationships. These data are inte ...

MINT focuses on experimentally verified protein-protein interactions mined from the scientific literature by expert curators. This resource uses the IntAct database framework to help reduce the effort of scientists and improve on IT development. MINT ...

The database of interacting protein (DIP) database stores experimentally determined interactions between proteins. It combines information from a variety of sources to create a single, consistent set of protein-protein interactions. The data stored w ...

Genetic, genomic and molecular information pertaining to the model organism Drosophila melanogaster and related sequences. This database also contains information relating to human disease models in Drosophila, the use of transgenic constructs contai ...

WormBase is an international consortium of biologists and computer scientists dedicated to providing the research community with accurate, current, accessible information concerning the genetics, genomics and biology of C. elegans and related nematod ...

The Human Protein Reference Database represents a centralized platform to visually depict and integrate information pertaining to domain architecture, post-translational modifications, interaction networks and disease association for each protein in ...

InnateDB has been developed to facilitate systems level investigations of the mammalian (human, mouse and bovine) innate immune response. Its goal is to provide a manually-curated knowledgebase of the genes, proteins, and particularly, the interactio ...

VirHostNet 2.0 integrates an extensive and original literature-curated dataset of virus/virus and virus/host protein-protein interactions complemented with publicly available data.

CORUM is a database that provides a manually curated repository of experimentally characterized protein complexes from mammalian organisms, mainly human (64%), mouse (16%) and rat (12%). Each protein complex is described by a protein complex name, su ...

This computational biology resource mainly focuses on annotation and detection of eukaryotic linear motifs (ELMs) by providing both a repository of annotated motif data and an exploratory tool for motif prediction. ELMs, or short linear motifs (SLiMs ...

FlyMine is an integrated database of genomic, expression and protein data for Drosophila, Anopheles and C. elegans. Its main focus is genomic and proteomics data for Drosophila and other insects. It provides access to integrated data at a number of d ...

The I2D (Interologous Interaction Database) is a database of known and predicted mammalian and eukaryotic protein-protein interactions (PPIs). It has been built by mapping high-throughput (HTP) data between species.

BindingDB enables research by making a growing collection of high-quality, quantitative, protein-ligand binding data findable and usable. Funded by NIGMS/NIH.

The SIGnaling Network Open Resource. The core of SIGNOR is a collection of approximately 12,000 manually-annotated causal relationships between over 2800 human proteins participating in signal transduction. Other entities annotated in SIGNOR are comp ...

MatrixDB stores experimental data established by full-length proteins, matricryptins, glycosaminoglycans, lipids and cations. MatrixDB reports interactions with individual polypeptide chains or with multimers (e.g. collagens, laminins, thrombospondin ...

AnimalTFDB is a comprehensive animal transcription factor database. The resource is classification of transcription factors from 50 genomes from species including Homo sapiens and Caenorhabditis elegans. The database also has information on co-transc ...

VirusMentha is a collection of viral interactions manually curated from protein-protein databases that adhere to the IMEx consortium. This resource offers a series of tools to analyse selected proteins in the context of a network of interactions. vir ...

Gene3D uses the information in CATH to predict the locations of structural domains on millions of protein sequences available in public databases. Sequence data from UniProtKB and Ensembl for domains with no experimentally determined structures are s ...

The UniPROBE (Universal PBM Resource for Oligonucleotide Binding Evaluation) database hosts data generated by universal protein binding microarray (PBM) technology on the in vitro DNA binding specificities of proteins.

H-Invitational Database (H-InvDB) is an integrated database of human genes and transcripts. By extensive analyses of all human transcripts, we provide curated annotations of human genes and transcripts that include gene structures, alternative splici ...

The Complex Portal is a manually curated, encyclopaedic resource of macromolecular complexes from a number of key model organisms. The majority of complexes are made up of proteins but may also include nucleic acids or small molecules. All data is fr ...

The Chemical Probes Portal is an online open access catalog of annotated small molecule inhibitors, agonists and other chemical tools for biological research and preclinical drug discovery. Annotations for are extensive and distinguish between activi ...

The database of 3D Interaction Domains (3did) is a collection of domain-domain interactions in proteins for which high-resolution three-dimensional structures are known. 3did exploits structural information to provide critical molecular details neces ...

Protein Interaction Network Analysis (PINA) platform is an integrated platform for protein interaction network construction, filtering, analysis, visualization, and management. It integrates protein-protein interaction (PPI) data from public curated ...

Kinase-Ligand Interaction Fingerprints and Structures database (KLIFS) is a database that revolves around the protein structure of catalytic kinase domains and the way kinase inhibitors can interact with them. Based on the underlying systematic and c ...

Stores full descriptions of interactions, molecular complexes and pathways; researchers are able to submit new records.

SignaLink is an integrated resource to analyze signaling pathway cross-talks, transcription factors, miRNAs and regulatory enzymes. it allows browsing of signaling pathways, cross-talks and multi-pathway proteins; selection of transcriptional, post- ...

Network of database and computational resources including KEGG (pathways, interactions, etc.) and DBGET/LinkDB (an integrated database retrieval system). It also hosts several web-based tools for sequence analysis (i.e. Blast, Motif, Clustal W).

Database of interaction Hotspots across the proteome. Hot spots are energetically important residues at protein interfaces and they are not randomly distributed across the interface but rather clustered. These clustered hot spots form hot regions. Ho ...

HIPPIE integrates human protein-protein interactions from several manually curated source databases. It provides a web tool to query the interaction data, generate highly reliable, context-specific interaction networks and to make sense out of them.

The Carbohydrate Structure Database (CSDB) contains manually curated natural carbohydrate structures, taxonomy, bibliography, NMR data and more. The Bacterial (BCSDB) and Plant&Fungal (PFCSDB) databases were merged in 2015, becoming the CSDB, to impr ...

ionomicHUB provides curated ionomic data on many thousands of plant samples freely available to the public. It is an international collaborative cyber research environment to help identify and understand the genes and gene networks that function to c ...

HPIDB 3.0 is a resource that helps annotate, predict and display host-pathogen interactions (HPI). HPI that underpin infectious diseases are critical for developing novel intervention strategies. HPIDB is a host-pathogen protein-protein interaction ( ...

PTMCode is a resource of known and predicted functional associations between protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) within and between interacting proteins.

DEPOD - the human DEPhOsphorylation Database is a manually curated database collecting human active and inactive phosphatases, their experimentally verified protein and non-protein substrates, and dephosphorylation site information, and pathways in w ...

A collection of literature-curated human and rodent signalling pathways. Aggregates over 50 sources in total, ~ 32 for PPIs including SigNOR and BioGRID.

TargetMine integrates many types of data for human, rat and mouse. Flexible queries, export of results and data analysis are available.

mentha archives evidence collected from different sources and presents these data in a complete and comprehensive way. Its data comes from manually curated protein-protein interaction databases that have adhered to the IMEx consortium. The aggregated ...

The Network of Cancer Genes (NCG) contains information on duplicability, evolution, protein-protein and microRNA-gene interaction, function, expression and essentiality of cancer genes from manually curated publications . NCG also provides informatio ...

APID Interactomes (Agile Protein Interactomes DataServer) provides information on the protein interactomes of numerous organisms, based on the integration of known experimentally validated protein-protein physical interactions (PPIs). The interactome ...

FunCoup is a framework to infer genome-wide functional couplings in 11 model organisms. Functional coupling, or functional association, is an unspecific form of association that encompasses direct physical interaction but also more general types of d ...

PathBank is an interactive, visual database containing more than 100 000 machine-readable pathways found in model organisms such as humans, mice, E. coli, yeast, and Arabidopsis thaliana. The majority of these pathways are not found in any other path ...

TCRD is the central resource behind the Illuminating the Druggable Genome Knowledge Management Center (IDG-KMC). TCRD contains information about human targets, with special emphasis on four families of targets that are central to the NIH IDG initiati ...

The HIV-1, human protein interaction data presented here are based on literature reports. This dataset is available in report pages per HIV-1 protein and is also integrated into Entrez Gene report pages for HIV-1 and human proteins.

The Pocketome is an encyclopedia of conformational ensembles of druggable binding sites that can be identified experimentally from co-crystal structures in the Protein Data Bank. Each Pocketome entry describes a site on a protein surface that is invo ...

The database of Disease-Gene Associations with annotated Relationships (eDGAR) is a database for collecting and organizing the data on gene/disease associations as derived from OMIM, Humsavar and ClinVar. For each heterogeneous or polygenic disease, ...

Database of protein orthologs that interact (interologs) and proteins with conserved regulatory relationships across species (regulogs). Contains data for C. elegans, Drosophila, Arabidopsis, and Yeast.

Protein-Chemical Structural Interactions provides information on the 3-dimensional chemical structures of protein interactions with low molecular weight.

A database of short functional motifs involved in posttranslational modifications, binding to other proteins, nucleic acids, or small molecules.

Platinum is a manually curated, literature-derived database comprising over 1,000 mutations which for the first time associates experimental information on changes in protein-ligand affinity with the three-dimensional structures of the complex.

Nematode.net is the home page of the parasitic nematode EST project at The Genome Institute at Washington University in St. Louis. The site was established in 2000 as a component of the NIH-NIAID grant "A Genomic Approach to Parasites from the Phylum ...

ChannelsDB is a comprehensive and regularly updated resource of channels, pores and tunnels found in biomacromolecules deposited in the Protein Data Bank.

2P2Idb is a hand-curated structural database dedicated to the modulation of protein-protein interactions (PPIs). It includes all interactions for which both the protein-protein and protein-modulator complexes have been structurally characterized by X ...

DroID, the Drosophila Interactions Database, assembles gene and protein interaction data from a variety of sources into one easily accessible, comprehensive database. The database includes published and unpublished low and high throughput data sets, ...

iRefWeb is an interface to a relational database containing the latest build of the interaction Reference Index (iRefIndex) which integrates protein interaction data from ten different interaction databases: BioGRID, BIND, CORUM, DIP, HPRD, INTACT, M ...

Protein interaction predictions by several different methods

Bacteriome.org is a database integrating physical (protein-protein) and functional interactions within the context of an E. coli knowledgebase.

POcket Similarity Search Using Multiple-Sketches (PoSSuM) includes all the discovered protein-small molecule binding site pairs with annotations of various types (e.g., UniProt, CATH, SCOP, SCOPe, EC number and Gene ontology). PoSSuM enables rapid ex ...

Tool for computing commonly-used structural and physicochemical features of proteins and peptides from amino acid sequence. New functions include computation of protein-protein and protein-small molecule interactions, topological descriptors for pept ...

Known and predicted protein domain interactions observed in PDB entries,

Protein-protein and drug-protein interactions for studies of drug repositioning

The Integrated Interactions Database (IID) is a database of detected and predicted protein-protein interactions (PPIs) in a number of species. It stores networks that are specific to tissues, sub-cellular localizations, diseases, and druggable protei ...

Knowledge of the molecular interactions of human proteins within tissues is important for identifying their tissue-specific roles and for shedding light on tissue phenotypes. However, many protein-protein interactions (PPIs) have no tissue-contexts. ...

Mutual Folding Induced by Binding (MFIB) is a repository of protein complexes for which the folding of each constituent protein chain is coupled to the interaction forming the complex. This means that while the complexes are stable enough to have the ...

ADPriboDB is a database of ADP-ribosylated proteins and their literature-identified ADP-ribosylated residues. The database includes a variety of information for each entry, including any drug treatments performed to obtain the identification of the m ...

The microbial protein interaction database (MPIDB) provides physical microbial interaction data. The interactions are manually curated from the literature or imported from other databases, and are linked to supporting experimental evidence, as well a ...

Inferred Biomolecular Interaction Server: protein-protein, ligand- and nucleic acid-binding sites

Protein-RNA Interface Database

An integrated Omics data warehouse for Locust, Locusta migratoria

A database of non-interacting proteins

Quality assessed protein-protein interactions in 9 species

Death Domain Database is a manually curated database of protein-protein interactions for Death Domain Superfamily.

Web resource designed to provide a central repository for the storage and the analysis of data on domain peptide recognition obtained with interaction assays exploiting peptide chip technology.

Regulatory Network in Protein Phosphorylation

Ligand Expo is a data resource for finding information about small molecules bound to proteins and nucleic acids. Tools are provided to search the PDB dictionary for chemical components, to identify structure entries containing particular small molec ...

Database for Human Transcription Co-Factors

Predicted Arabidopsis Interactome Resource

As a reversible post-translational modification (PTM) discovered decades ago, protein lysine acetylation was known for its regulation of transcription through the modification of histones. Recent studies discovered that lysine acetylation targets bro ...

A structured controlled vocabulary for the annotation of experiments concerned with protein-protein interactions. Developed by the HUPO Proteomics Standards Initiative. The Molecular Interactions Working group page can be found at http://www.psidev.i ...

A database of curated biomolecular interactions.

DIGGER is an essential resource for studying the mechanistic consequences of alternative splicing such as isoform-specific interaction and consequence of exon skipping. The database integrates information of domain-domain and protein-protein interact ...

Domain interaction map: experimental and predicted protein domain interactions

IsoRank PPI Network Alignment Based Ortholog Database

Human Integrated Pathway Database (hiPathDB) provides two different types of integration. The pathway-level integration is a simple collection of individual pathways as described in the original database. The entity-level integration creates a super ...

Arabidopsis thaliana Protein Interactome Database

PICKLE (Protein InteraCtion KnowLedgebasE) is a meta-database for the direct protein-protein interactome of the human and the mouse proteomes, integrating publicly available source protein-protein interaction (PPI) databases via genetic information o ...

EuRBPDB is a comprehensive and user-friendly database for classifying and annotating eukaryotic RNA binding proteins (RBPs) drawn from various public databases. Over 100 eukaryotic species such as human, mouse, fly, worm and yeast are included. EuRBP ...

Genome-WIde Docking Database: 3D structures of protein complexes

Contains high- and low-throughput data relevant to phosphorylation events. It includes 6,225 low-throughput and 21,990 high-throughput interactions, from greater than 35,000 experiments.

The Manually Curated Database of Rice Proteins (MCDRP) is a manually-curated database based on published experimental data. The database contains data for rice proteins curated from experiments drawn from research articles. The database stores inform ...

Protein-protein interactions for mammalian TRP channels

Protein-Protein Interaction database for Maize.

Database for integration of human functional interactions

Database of MacroMolecular INteractions

SNAPPI-DB is an object-oriented database of domain-domain interactions observed in structural data. The structural data is obtained from the MSD data warehouse as the MSD provides consistent data with links to many types of data about proteins and nu ...

A database of putative RNA binding protein target sites in the transcriptomes of model species. Dashboard - Overview of the database. Welcome to oRNAment - o RNA motifs enrichment in complete transcriptomes. Here, we developed a computational tool ...

Mutations in Ligand Binding Sites gene DataBase

InteroPorc is an automatic prediction tool to infer protein-protein interaction networks. It is applicable for lots of species using orthology and known interactions. The interoPORC method is based on the interolog concept and combines source interac ...

The protein--ligand interaction ontology (PLIO) was developed around three main concepts, namely target, ligand and interaction, and was enriched by adding synonyms, useful annotations and references. PLIO represents knowledge about the interaction o ...

Interacting and non-interacting protein pairs

Visualize the natural connections between DNA sequences, natural variation (polymorphisms), molecular structures, protein-protein interactions, and gene expression patterns by combining several data visualization tools with a zoomable user interface.

CellTalkDB is a manually curated database of ligand-receptor interactions in humans and mice. CellTalkDB contains literature-supported ligand-receptor (LR) pairs for human and mouse, which are curated from protein-protein interactions (PPIs) in STRIN ...

Protein–RNA interaction predictions for model organisms with supporting experimental data, enabling a global view of the protein–RNA interactome. RNAct currently covers the human, mouse and yeast genomes and contains a total of 5.87 billion pairwise ...

A database of interactors and mutations of the human von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor protein (pVHL).

Presaging Critical Residues in Protein interface DataBase

PROXiMATE is a database of thermodynamic data for more than 6000 missense mutations in 174 heterodimeric protein-protein complexes, supplemented with interaction network data from STRING database, solvent accessibility, sequence, structural and funct ...

BioConceptVec is a collection of concept embeddings on primary biological concepts mentioned in the biomedical literature.

Database of molecular-level putative protein-drug interactions in the structural human proteome.

OmicsDB offers an integrated platform for studying biological networks in multiple organisms, as well as accessing gene expression data. By expanding the classic single species databases across species, it is possible to leverage the amount of inform ...

Binary SubComplexes in Proteins Database

Membrane-binding Molecular Recognition Features

Covalent Inhibitor DataBase

The Blue Star STING database stores information on the interactions between proteins and other bio macromolecules. Structure descriptors used in the analysis of these interactions are stored in STING DB to aid research primarily into the problems cha ...

Cellinker is a platform of ligand-receptor interactions for intercellular communication analysis.

Vertebrate Secretome Database (VerSeDa) stores information about proteins that are predicted to be secreted through the classical and non-classical mechanisms, for the wide range of vertebrate species deposited at the NCBI, UCSC and ENSEMBL sites.

Translocatome is a database that collects and characterises manually curated and predicted translocating proteins from human cells. The prediction is made by a gradient boosting based machine learning algorithm (XGBoost), using highly curated positiv ...

dbPTM is a databases which accumulates the biological information related to protein post-translational modification (PTM), such as the catalytic sites, structural information, solvent accessibility of residues, protein secondary structures, protein ...

an annotated database of protein associations. Tabloid Proteome is a database of protein association network generated using publically available mass spectrometry based experiments in PRIDE.These associations represent a broad scala of biological a ...

An Integrative De Novo Variant Knowledge Base for Developmental Disorders. NeuroPsychiatric Mutation Knowledge Base. Welcome to our open access database PsyMuKB. PsyMuKB is a comprehensive knowledge base that links transcriptional and translationa ...

A Focus on the Integrated Interactions Database (IID). Integrated Interactions Database. tissue specific PPI networks across species.

Disordered Binding Sites (DIBS) is a repository of protein complexes that are formed by ordered and disordered proteins. Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) do not have a stable 3D structure in isolation and therefore they defy structure determi ...

PlanExp is an intuitive integration of complex RNA-seq datasets with planarian omics resources.

Explore Protein-Protein Interactions for Cancer Target Discovery Using the OncoPPi Portal. Translating Genomics Data into Protein-Protein Interaction Networks for Therapeutic Manipulation. This site provides a platform to facilitate discovery of ne ...

A multi-step approach including models’ construction (multiple sequence alignment, homology modeling), complex assembling (protein complex refinement with HADDOCK and complex equilibration), and protein-protein interface (PPI) characterization (inclu ...

A Web Server and Interactive Web Repository of Small Ligand-Protein Binding Sites for Drug Design.

Protein-Nucleic Acid Binding Energetic Database

m6ADD is a database containing manually collected experimentally confirmed m6A (N6-methyladenosine)-disease data and data obtained from high-throughput disease m6A modification profiles, aimed at exploring the association between m6A modified gene di ...

PDZscape is a compilation of all existing PDZ-containing proteins on a single platform. It provides a user friendly search interface that enables the database to be queried using the names and external identifiers.

The LEAFDATA resource collects information from primary research articles focusing on Arabidopsis leaf growth and development. The result section of selected papers is manually annotated and organized into distinct categories. Text fragments of the m ...

Database for binding affinities of protein-nucleic acid complexes and their mutants.

AddictGene is an integrated knowledge base for differentially expressed genes associated with psychostimulants,

The compartmentalized protein-protein interaction database (ComPPI), provides qualitative information on the interactions, proteins and their localizations integrated from multiple databases for protein-protein interaction network analysis.

AU-rich elements in vertebrate mRNA UTR sequences

PRIMESDB is a systems biology platform that is being developed to enable the collection, integration and analysis of state-of-the-art genomics, proteomics and mathematical modelling data being generated by the PRIMES project. PRIMES is investigating ...

Semantic-based detection of redundancies to unify protein-protein interaction databases.

An Open-source Platform for Hosting, Visualizing and Analyzing Protein Interaction Data.

ProModb (Protein interaction-based functional Module database) is a repository that documents computationally generated whole-cell protein-protein interaction network-based functional modules of an organism.

The Postsynaptic Interaction Database is a comprehensive resource of the human postsynaptic (PS) binary protein-protein interactions. It contains experimental and computational evidence about interactions, along with structural and disease-related in ...

EvoPPI allows the easy comparison of publicly available data from the main Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) databases for the same and distinct species.

A repository of protein interaction data from mass spectrometry experiments.

ImitateDB is a comprehensive database for information about molecular mimicry candidates represented as DMPs and MMPs for each experimentally validated unique host pathogen protein-protein interaction.

The Human Reference Protein Interactome Mapping Project (HuRI) is a repository, created by the Center for Cancer Systems Biology (CCSB) at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, which stores the data from the ongoing work on the first complete reference map o ...

Provides an index of protein interactions available in a number of primary interaction databases including BIND, BioGRID, CORUM, DIP, HPRD, InnateDB, IntAct, MatrixDB, MINT, MPact, MPIDB and MPPI.

The database revolves around the protein structure of catalytic PDE domains and the way PDE inhibitors can interact with them. It contains a systematic analysis of all phosphodiesterase (PDE) catalytic domain crystal structures present in the Protein ...

An interactive resource of non-covalent contacts from over 100,000 publicly available crystal structures in the Protein Data Bank

Standardises programmatic access to molecular interaction databases.

Database which catalogs experimentally determined interactions between proteins. It combines information from a variety of sources to create a single, consistent set of protein-protein interactions. Search the database using a protein id.

PaIntDB (Pseudomonas aeruginosa Interactions Database) is a tool for network-based omics integration and visualization using protein–protein interactions in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. PaIntDB contains more than 150K protein-protein (PPI) and protein-met ...

A Functional Annotation Resource for Deciphering the Complete Interaction Networks in Wheat-Karnal Bunt Pathosystem.

A virus and host ncRNA-associated interaction repository with increased coverage and annotation.

Protein-nucleic acid interactions, with various features of protein-nuleic acid interfaces.

An RNA-Protein Intuitive Database with RNA Pocket Topology Resources.

Deep Proteome Profiling Enabled Functional Annotation and Data-Independent Quantification of Proline Hydroxylation Targets.

PDB interface interactions at atom, residue and domain level. The database contains protein interfaces and residue-residue interactions formed by structural units and interacting solvent.

Repository and statistical tools for directly determined PTM crosstalk based on long peptides measured by mass spectrometry. Focus on histone proteins.

A comprehensive web-based tool to access and analyze glia secretome data. Gliome Database has the following feature regarding glia-secreted proteins.

A machine learning-based phosphorylation sites prediction tool for Plasmodium proteins.

Database of amino acid distances in proteins and web application for statistical review of distances. Three-dimensional structure of a protein chain is determined by its amino acid interactions. One approach to the analysis of amino acid interaction ...

An improved database of human gene networks for disease research.

A Manually Curated Database for Tracking and Predicting Genes Associated With Meiosis.

MycoWiki is organizes data under a relational database and provides access to curated and state-of-the-art information on the genes and proteins of M. pneumoniae.

A database of polar amylodogenic peptides from disordered proteins.

Ebolabase is a comprehensive source for ebola-human interactions has been developed. Ebolabase contains experimentally verified entries of ebola-human interactions. The interactions are visualized as network images. This study provides the informatio ...

An integrated resource for High-Altitude associated genes and proteins, interacting networks and semantic-similarities. Around 140 million people live in High Altitude (HA) conditions and even a larger number visit it for tourism, adventure-seeking ...

Widely used open-access database of curated, non-redundant transcription factor binding profiles. Currently, data from JASPAR can be retrieved as flat files or by using programming language-specific interfaces. Here, we present a programming language ...

Sigma-2 receptor selective Ligands Database is an online ligand database consisting of the Sigma-2 selective receptor ligand published since 1993. The S2RSLDB is based on structural 2D information as well as pharmacological and computed physicochemic ...