The pathogenicity island database (PAIDB; http://www.gem.re.kr/paidb) is a comprehensive relational database of all the reported pathogenicity islands (PAIs) and potential PAI regions which were predicted by a method that combines feature-based analysis and similarity-based analysis. PAIs are genetic elements whose products are essential to the process of disease development. They have been horizontally (laterally) transferred from other microbes and are important in evolution of pathogenesis. Using the PAI Finder search engine application, a multi-sequence query can be analyzed on site for the presence of potential PAIs. As of April 2006, PAIDB contains 112 types of PAIs and 889 GenBank accessions containing either partial or all PAI loci previously reported in the literature, which are present in 497 strains of pathogenic bacteria. The database also offers 310 candidate PAIs predicted from the 118 sequenced prokaryotic genomes. With the increasing number of prokaryotic genomes without functional inference and sequenced genetic regions of suspected involvement in diseases, this internet-based, user-friendly resource has the potential to be of significant use in pathogenomics. PAIDB is part of Genome Encyclopedia of Microbes (GEM; www.gem.re.kr) that is a web portal for microbial genome information.