Genetic Codes
NCBI takes great care to ensure that the translation for each coding sequence (CDS) present in GenBank records is correct. Central to this effort is careful checking on the taxonomy of each record and assignment of the correct genetic code for each organism and record.
Description
More detailed information about this field from each metasource.
NCBI takes great care to ensure that the translation for each coding sequence (CDS) present in GenBank records is correct. Central to this effort is careful checking on the taxonomy of each record and assignment of the correct genetic code for each organism and record.
metasource: Fairsharing.orgversion: FAIRsharing.org: Genetic Codes; Genetic Codes; DOI: https://doi.org/10.25504/FAIRsharing.6brrxe; Last edited: June 15, 2021, 1:42 p.m.; Last accessed: Jan 03 2022 7:06 p.m.
To ensure that the translation for each coding sequence (CDS) present in GenBank records is correct, NCBI maintains the list of genetic codes for each organism and record (shown as a /transl_table qualifier on the CDS in the flat files). The following genetic codes are described: - The Standard Code - The Vertebrate Mitochondrial Code - The Yeast Mitochondrial Code - The Mold, Protozoan, and Coelenterate Mitochondrial Code and the Mycoplasma/Spiroplasma Code - The Invertebrate Mitochondrial Code - The Ciliate, Dasycladacean and Hexamita Nuclear Code - The Echinoderm and Flatworm Mitochondrial Code - The Euplotid Nuclear Code - The Bacterial and Plant Plastid Code - The Alternative Yeast Nuclear Code - The Ascidian Mitochondrial Code - The Alternative Flatworm Mitochondrial Code - Blepharisma Nuclear Code - Chlorophycean Mitochondrial Code - Trematode Mitochondrial Code - Scenedesmus Obliquus Mitochondrial Code - Thraustochytrium Mitochondrial Code
metasource: Nucleic Acid Research database catalogueversion: extracted_at: 2022-11-04T11:16:25.468657
Webpage:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Utils/wprintgc.cgiWebpage
More detailed information about this field from each metasource.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Utils/wprintgc.cgi
metasource: Fairsharing.orgversion: FAIRsharing.org: Genetic Codes; Genetic Codes; DOI: https://doi.org/10.25504/FAIRsharing.6brrxe; Last edited: June 15, 2021, 1:42 p.m.; Last accessed: Jan 03 2022 7:06 p.m.
metasource: Nucleic Acid Research database catalogue
version: extracted_at: 2022-11-04T11:16:25.468657
Licence:
Name: NCBI Data Policies and DisclaimerLicence name
More detailed information about this field from each metasource.
NCBI Data Policies and Disclaimer
metasource: Fairsharing.orgversion: FAIRsharing.org: Genetic Codes; Genetic Codes; DOI: https://doi.org/10.25504/FAIRsharing.6brrxe; Last edited: June 15, 2021, 1:42 p.m.; Last accessed: Jan 03 2022 7:06 p.m.
Licence URL
More detailed information about this field from each metasource.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/home/about/policies.shtml
metasource: Fairsharing.orgversion: FAIRsharing.org: Genetic Codes; Genetic Codes; DOI: https://doi.org/10.25504/FAIRsharing.6brrxe; Last edited: June 15, 2021, 1:42 p.m.; Last accessed: Jan 03 2022 7:06 p.m.
Publications:
Publications
More detailed information about this field from each metasource.
Recent evidence for evolution of the genetic code
PMID: 1579111
metasource: Fairsharing.org
version: FAIRsharing.org: Genetic Codes; Genetic Codes; DOI: https://doi.org/10.25504/FAIRsharing.6brrxe; Last edited: June 15, 2021, 1:42 p.m.; Last accessed: Jan 03 2022 7:06 p.m.
Evolutionary changes in the genetic code
PMID: 8281749
metasource: Fairsharing.org
version: FAIRsharing.org: Genetic Codes; Genetic Codes; DOI: https://doi.org/10.25504/FAIRsharing.6brrxe; Last edited: June 15, 2021, 1:42 p.m.; Last accessed: Jan 03 2022 7:06 p.m.
Publications
More detailed information about this field from each metasource.
Recent evidence for evolution of the genetic code
PMID: 1579111
metasource: Fairsharing.org
version: FAIRsharing.org: Genetic Codes; Genetic Codes; DOI: https://doi.org/10.25504/FAIRsharing.6brrxe; Last edited: June 15, 2021, 1:42 p.m.; Last accessed: Jan 03 2022 7:06 p.m.
Evolutionary changes in the genetic code
PMID: 8281749
metasource: Fairsharing.org
version: FAIRsharing.org: Genetic Codes; Genetic Codes; DOI: https://doi.org/10.25504/FAIRsharing.6brrxe; Last edited: June 15, 2021, 1:42 p.m.; Last accessed: Jan 03 2022 7:06 p.m.
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Recent evidence for evolution of the genetic code
PubMed citations: 217.
217 articles citing: Recent evidence for evolution of the genetic code
A Primer Genetic Toolkit for Exploring Mitochondrial Biology and Disease Using Zebrafish. PMID:35893052
Research progress of reduced amino acid alphabets in protein analysis and prediction. PMID:35860409
Overview of tRNA Modifications in Chloroplasts. PMID:35208681
Determination of the Amino Acid Recruitment Order in Early Life by Genome-Wide Analysis of Amino Acid Usage Bias. PMID:35204672
Genome-wide analysis of codon usage in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). PMID:35106386
Codon usage bias. PMID:34822069
Programmed Deviations of Ribosomes From Standard Decoding in Archaea. PMID:34149676
Haplotype-resolved diverse human genomes and integrated analysis of structural variation. PMID:33632895
Driving forces in the origins of life. PMID:33529553
Prediction and Characterization of Cationic Arginine-Rich Plant Antimicrobial Peptide SM-985 From Teosinte (Zea mays ssp. mexicana). PMID:32636825
Widespread use of the "ascidian" mitochondrial genetic code in tunicates. PMID:32148763
Mitochondrial Genome (mtDNA) Mutations that Generate Reactive Oxygen Species. PMID:31514455
Hiding in plain sight: New virus genomes discovered via a systematic analysis of fungal public transcriptomes. PMID:31339899
Cicada Endosymbionts Have tRNAs That Are Correctly Processed Despite Having Genomes That Do Not Encode All of the tRNA Processing Machinery. PMID:31213566
Transition bias influences the evolution of antibiotic resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PMID:31083647
A degeneration-reducing criterion for optimal digital mapping of genetic codes. PMID:30984363
Rapid Genetic Code Evolution in Green Algal Mitochondrial Genomes. PMID:30698742
The GC Content as a Main Factor Shaping the Amino Acid Usage During Bacterial Evolution Process. PMID:30581420
Mitogenomics Reveals a Novel Genetic Code in Hemichordata. PMID:30476024
Forces acting on codon bias in malaria parasites. PMID:30374097
Endogenous Stochastic Decoding of the CUG Codon by Competing Ser- and Leu-tRNAs in Ascoidea asiatica. PMID:29910077
Evolving Bacterial Fitness with an Expanded Genetic Code. PMID:29459649
Selective terminal methylation of a tRNA wobble base. PMID:29361055
%MinMax: A versatile tool for calculating and comparing synonymous codon usage and its impact on protein folding. PMID:29090506
Synthetic genome recoding: new genetic codes for new features. PMID:28983660
Rewriting the Genetic Code. PMID:28697669
A close-up view of codon selection in eukaryotic initiation. PMID:28340329
Two complete mitochondrial genomes from Praticolella mexicana Perez, 2011 (Polygyridae) and gene order evolution in Helicoidea (Mollusca, Gastropoda). PMID:27833437
Current strategies towards therapeutic manipulation of mtDNA heteroplasmy. PMID:27814659
Xenomicrobiology: a roadmap for genetic code engineering. PMID:27489097
An integrated, structure- and energy-based view of the genetic code. PMID:27448410
A novel nuclear genetic code alteration in yeasts and the evolution of codon reassignment in eukaryotes. PMID:27197221
Forced Ambiguity of the Leucine Codons for Multiple-Site-Specific Incorporation of a Noncanonical Amino Acid. PMID:27028506
The mysterious orphans of Mycoplasmataceae. PMID:26747447
Cross-species conservation of complementary amino acid-ribonucleobase interactions and their potential for ribosome-free encoding. PMID:26656258
Crosstalk between mitochondria and peroxisomes. PMID:26629313
Non-Standard Genetic Codes Define New Concepts for Protein Engineering. PMID:26569314
The transcriptome of Candida albicans mitochondria and the evolution of organellar transcription units in yeasts. PMID:26487099
Reassignment of a rare sense codon to a non-canonical amino acid in Escherichia coli. PMID:26240376
Codon-Anticodon Recognition in the Bacillus subtilis glyQS T Box Riboswitch: RNA-DEPENDENT CODON SELECTION OUTSIDE THE RIBOSOME. PMID:26229106
Chemical Evolution of a Bacterial Proteome. PMID:26136259
Ancient horizontal gene transfer and the last common ancestors. PMID:25897759
Ancestral Reconstruction of a Pre-LUCA Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetase Ancestor Supports the Late Addition of Trp to the Genetic Code. PMID:25791872
Isolation and characterization of two mitoviruses and a putative alphapartitivirus from Fusarium spp. PMID:25687123
The molecular biology of selenocysteine. PMID:25436585
Experimental evolution of a green fluorescent protein composed of 19 unique amino acids without tryptophan. PMID:25399308
The characteristics of rare codon clusters in the genome and proteins of hepatitis C virus; a bioinformatics look. PMID:25349685
Gene rearrangements in gekkonid mitochondrial genomes with shuffling, loss, and reassignment of tRNA genes. PMID:25344428
Comprehensive analysis of stop codon usage in bacteria and its correlation with release factor abundance. PMID:25217634
Response and adaptation of Escherichia coli to suppression of the amber stop codon. PMID:25044429
The complete nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial genome of Bactrocera minax (Diptera: Tephritidae). PMID:24964138
Methylated nucleosides in tRNA and tRNA methyltransferases. PMID:24904644
Are "universal" DNA primers really universal? PMID:24839163
Sense codon emancipation for proteome-wide incorporation of noncanonical amino acids: rare isoleucine codon AUA as a target for genetic code expansion. PMID:24433543
Uncovering Wolbachia diversity upon artificial host transfer. PMID:24376534
Selection on GGU and CGU codons in the high expression genes in bacteria. PMID:24271854
Protein biosynthesis in mitochondria. PMID:24228873
Life without tRNAIle-lysidine synthetase: translation of the isoleucine codon AUA in Bacillus subtilis lacking the canonical tRNA2Ile. PMID:24194599
Uniquely localized intra-molecular amino acid concentrations at the glycolytic enzyme catalytic/active centers of Archaea, Bacteria and Eukaryota are associated with their proposed temporal appearances on earth. PMID:23715690
Life without tRNAArg-adenosine deaminase TadA: evolutionary consequences of decoding the four CGN codons as arginine in Mycoplasmas and other Mollicutes. PMID:23658230
Molecular reconstruction of a fungal genetic code alteration. PMID:23619021
Zwitterionic conformers of pyrrolysine and their interactions with metal ions--a theoretical study. PMID:23564328
Structure of dipeptides having N-terminal selenocysteine residues: a DFT study in gas and aqueous phase. PMID:23494524
A comparison of dense transposon insertion libraries in the Salmonella serovars Typhi and Typhimurium. PMID:23470992
Molecular codes in biological and chemical reaction networks. PMID:23372756
An alternative look at code evolution: using non-canonical codes to evaluate adaptive and historic models for the origin of the genetic code. PMID:23344715
Investigations of dipeptide structures containing pyrrolysine as N-terminal residues: a DFT study in gas and aqueous phase. PMID:23334349
A universal trend among proteomes indicates an oily last common ancestor. PMID:23300421
DFT studies on the intrinsic conformational properties of non-ionic pyrrolysine in gas phase. PMID:23292322
The contributions of wobbling and superwobbling to the reading of the genetic code. PMID:23166520
Transfer RNA gene numbers may not be completely responsible for the codon usage bias in asparagine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine in the high expression genes in bacteria. PMID:23053196
Complete sequences of the mitochondrial DNA of the wild Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis and two mutagenic cultivated breeds (Gracilariaceae, Rhodophyta). PMID:22768261
Altered tRNA characteristics and 3' maturation in bacterial symbionts with reduced genomes. PMID:22689638
Evolution and diversification of the organellar release factor family. PMID:22688947
Release factor one is nonessential in Escherichia coli. PMID:22662873
Evolutionary constraints on the plastid tRNA set decoding methionine and isoleucine. PMID:22553362
Efficient decoding of the UAG triplet as a full-fledged sense codon enhances the growth of a prfA-deficient strain of Escherichia coli. PMID:22427623
Role of wobble base pair geometry for codon degeneracy: purine-type bases at the anticodon wobble position. PMID:22399149
Characterisation of full-length cDNA sequences provides insights into the Eimeria tenella transcriptome. PMID:22244352
Mechanism of protein biosynthesis in mammalian mitochondria. PMID:22172991
NovelSNPer: A Fast Tool for the Identification and Characterization of Novel SNPs and InDels. PMID:22110502
Unassigned codons, nonsense suppression, and anticodon modifications in the evolution of the genetic code. PMID:22076654
Extreme genome reduction in symbiotic bacteria. PMID:22064560
RF1 knockout allows ribosomal incorporation of unnatural amino acids at multiple sites. PMID:21926996
Taurine-containing uridine modifications in tRNA anticodons are required to decipher non-universal genetic codes in ascidian mitochondria. PMID:21873425
Molecular basis for chiral selection in RNA aminoacylation. PMID:21845109
Stops making sense: translational trade-offs and stop codon reassignment. PMID:21801361
The enigmatic mitochondrial genome of Rhabdopleura compacta (Pterobranchia) reveals insights into selection of an efficient tRNA system and supports monophyly of Ambulacraria. PMID:21599892
Mutation and selection on the wobble nucleotide in tRNA anticodons in marine bivalve mitochondrial genomes. PMID:21267462
Introns form compositional clusters in parallel with the compositional clusters of the coding sequences to which they pertain. PMID:21132282
Complex phylogenetic distribution of a non-canonical genetic code in green algae. PMID:20977766
Evidence that the supE44 mutation of Escherichia coli is an amber suppressor allele of glnX and that it also suppresses ochre and opal nonsense mutations. PMID:20833812
Was Wright right? The canonical genetic code is an empirical example of an adaptive peak in nature; deviant genetic codes evolved using adaptive bridges. PMID:20711776
Codon reassignment in the Escherichia coli genetic code. PMID:20702426
Mitochondrial genomes of acrodont lizards: timing of gene rearrangements and phylogenetic and biogeographic implications. PMID:20465814
Dual functions of codons in the genetic code. PMID:20446809
Bioinformatic, structural, and functional analyses support release factor-like MTRF1 as a protein able to decode nonstandard stop codons beginning with adenine in vertebrate mitochondria. PMID:20421313
Differing views of the role of selenium in thioredoxin reductase. PMID:20397034
Mitochondrial translation and beyond: processes implicated in combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiencies. PMID:20396601
Imprints of the genetic code in the ribosome. PMID:20385807
Synonymous codon usage analysis of thirty two mycobacteriophage genomes. PMID:20150956
Unique features of animal mitochondrial translation systems. The non-universal genetic code, unusual features of the translational apparatus and their relevance to human mitochondrial diseases. PMID:20075606
Optimization models and the structure of the genetic code. PMID:19841850
Origin of an alternative genetic code in the extremely small and GC-rich genome of a bacterial symbiont. PMID:19609354
Arabidopsis tRNA adenosine deaminase arginine edits the wobble nucleotide of chloroplast tRNAArg(ACG) and is essential for efficient chloroplast translation. PMID:19602623
One RNA plays three roles to provide catalytic activity to a group I intron lacking an endogenous internal guide sequence. PMID:19406926
Connection between stop codon reassignment and frequent use of shifty stop frameshifting. PMID:19329535
Unconventional decoding of the AUA codon as methionine by mitochondrial tRNAMet with the anticodon f5CAU as revealed with a mitochondrial in vitro translation system. PMID:19151083
Genetic code supports targeted insertion of two amino acids by one codon. PMID:19131629
Origin and evolution of the genetic code: the universal enigma. PMID:19117371
Adaptive antioxidant methionine accumulation in respiratory chain complexes explains the use of a deviant genetic code in mitochondria. PMID:18946048
Evolving genetic code. PMID:18941287
Evolutionary patterns in the sequence and structure of transfer RNA: a window into early translation and the genetic code. PMID:18665254
An extensive study of mutation and selection on the wobble nucleotide in tRNA anticodons in fungal mitochondrial genomes. PMID:18401633
Horizontal gene transfer and nucleotide compositional anomaly in large DNA viruses. PMID:18070355
A comparative genomics analysis of codon reassignments reveals a link with mitochondrial proteome size and a mechanism of genetic code change via suppressor tRNAs. PMID:17390094
The genetic code is nearly optimal for allowing additional information within protein-coding sequences. PMID:17293451
The genetic code - thawing the 'frozen accident'. PMID:17206066
The evolution of the genetic code revisited. PMID:17120123
Primordia vita. Deconvolution from modern sequences. PMID:17120122
The coevolution of genes and genetic codes: Crick's frozen accident revisited. PMID:16838217
Sequence analysis and organization of the Neodiprion abietis nucleopolyhedrovirus genome. PMID:16809301
The complete plastid genome sequence of the parasitic green alga Helicosporidium sp. is highly reduced and structured. PMID:16630350
Parallel evolution of the genetic code in arthropod mitochondrial genomes. PMID:16620150
Modulation of poliovirus replicative fitness in HeLa cells by deoptimization of synonymous codon usage in the capsid region. PMID:16537593
Historical contingency and the purported uniqueness of evolutionary innovations. PMID:16443685
Gene algebra from a genetic code algebraic structure. PMID:16012800
Functional constraint and divergence in the G protein family in Caenorhabditis elegans and Caenorhabditis briggsae. PMID:15856303
Mitochondrial genetic codes evolve to match amino acid requirements of proteins. PMID:15696375
A new classification scheme of the genetic code. PMID:15693616
Codon usage bias from tRNA's point of view: redundancy, specialization, and efficient decoding for translation optimization. PMID:15479947
SIGI: score-based identification of genomic islands. PMID:15113412
Codon usage between genomes is constrained by genome-wide mutational processes. PMID:14990797
Selection for highly biased amino acid frequency in the TolA cell envelope protein of Proteobacteria. PMID:14745542
Decoding the genome: a modified view. PMID:14715921
On the evolution of primitive genetic codes. PMID:14604188
Temperature-sensitive mutation in yeast mitochondrial ribosome recycling factor (RRF). PMID:12853640
Sequence analysis of three mitochondrial DNA molecules reveals interesting differences among Saccharomyces yeasts. PMID:12799436
Comparative evolutionary genomics unveils the molecular mechanism of reassignment of the CTG codon in Candida spp. PMID:12670996
Structural and kinetic characterization of the simplified SH3 domain FP1. PMID:12649436
No accident: genetic codes freeze in error-correcting patterns of the standard genetic code. PMID:12495519
tRNomics: analysis of tRNA genes from 50 genomes of Eukarya, Archaea, and Bacteria reveals anticodon-sparing strategies and domain-specific features. PMID:12403461
Combinatorial mutagenesis to restrict amino acid usage in an enzyme to a reduced set. PMID:12361984
How selenium has altered our understanding of the genetic code. PMID:11997494
A mechanism for stop codon recognition by the ribosome: a bioinformatic approach. PMID:11780625
Analysis of codon:anticodon interactions within the ribosome provides new insights into codon reading and the genetic code structure. PMID:11453067
Class I release factors in ciliates with variant genetic codes. PMID:11160924
Horizontal gene transfer in bacterial and archaeal complete genomes. PMID:11076857
Evolution of microbial pathogens. PMID:10874741
Evolution of RNA editing in trypanosome mitochondria. PMID:10860961
The accuracy of codon recognition by polypeptide release factors. PMID:10681447
IS1634, a novel insertion element creating long, variable-length direct repeats which is specific for Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides small-colony type. PMID:9973360
tRNA(2Gln) mutants that translate the CGA arginine codon as glutamine in Escherichia coli. PMID:9848650
Posttranscriptional control of gene expression in yeast. PMID:9841679
Molecular biology and pathogenicity of mycoplasmas. PMID:9841667
Mass migration of a group I intron: promiscuity on a grand scale. PMID:9826641
Reassigning cysteine in the genetic code of Escherichia coli. PMID:9755188
Insertion sequences. PMID:9729608
tRNA nucleotide 47: an evolutionary enigma. PMID:9701284
The role of robustness and changeability on the origin and evolution of genetic codes. PMID:9560233
Coexistence of nuclear DNA-encoded tRNAVal(AAC) and mitochondrial DNA-encoded tRNAVal(UAC) in mitochondria of a liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. PMID:9547276
A supersymmetric model for the evolution of the genetic code. PMID:9448272
The Cryphonectria parasitica plasmid pUG1 contains a large ORF with motifs characteristic of family B DNA polymerases. PMID:9241241
Use of a deviant mitochondrial genetic code in yellow-green algae as a landmark for segregating members within the phylum. PMID:9236270
Further comments on codon reassignment. Response. PMID:9211726
Further comments on codon reassignment. PMID:9211725
The 'polysemous' codon--a codon with multiple amino acid assignment caused by dual specificity of tRNA identity. PMID:9118950
Transfer RNA docking pair model in the ribosomal pre- and post-translocational states. PMID:9092637
Comparative analysis of the genomes of the bacteria Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycoplasma genitalium. PMID:9016618
Mitochondrial tRNAs in the lower fungus Spizellomyces punctatus: tRNA editing and UAG 'stop' codons recognized as leucine. PMID:9016605
Barriers to heterologous expression of a selenoprotein gene in bacteria. PMID:9006007
CUG codons in Candida spp. PMID:8919884
Transfer RNA structural change is a key element in the reassignment of the CUG codon in Candida albicans. PMID:8890179
On malleability in the genetic code. PMID:8662012
Unbiased estimation of symmetrical directional mutation pressure from protein-coding DNA. PMID:8642618
A non-canonical genetic code in an early diverging eukaryotic lineage. PMID:8641293
Sequences homologous to yeast mitochondrial and bacteriophage T3 and T7 RNA polymerases are widespread throughout the eukaryotic lineage. PMID:8604305
On the origin and evolution of the genetic code. PMID:8587115
Evolutionary origin of nonuniversal CUGSer codon in some Candida species as inferred from a molecular phylogeny. PMID:8582635
Lack of peptide-release activity responding to codon UGA in Mycoplasma capricolum. PMID:8464722
Beta-mannanase of Streptomyces lividans 66: cloning and DNA sequence of the manA gene and characterization of the enzyme. PMID:8457214
The mitochondrial genome of the honeybee Apis mellifera: complete sequence and genome organization. PMID:8417993
Codons AGA and AGG are read as glycine in ascidian mitochondria. PMID:8381878
Non-universal decoding of the leucine codon CUG in several Candida species. PMID:8371978
Sequence of a class E tetracycline resistance gene from Escherichia coli and comparison of related tetracycline efflux proteins. PMID:8331085
Coding coenzyme handles: a hypothesis for the origin of the genetic code. PMID:8234335
Fission yeast gene structure and recognition. PMID:8202381
Nucleotide sequence of the cox3 gene from Chondrus crispus: evidence that UGA encodes tryptophan and evolutionary implications. PMID:8190631
Pervasive CpG suppression in animal mitochondrial genomes. PMID:8170990
Characterization of the 16S rRNA genes from Mycoplasma sp. strain F38 and development of an identification system based on PCR. PMID:8169205
Characterization of serine and leucine tRNAs in an asporogenic yeast Candida cylindracea and evolutionary implications of genes for tRNA(Ser)CAG responsible for translation of a non-universal genetic code. PMID:8121794
The evolutionary change of the genetic code as restricted by the anticodon and identity of transfer RNA. PMID:8115164
Genes coding for the selenocysteine-inserting tRNA species from Desulfomicrobium baculatum and Clostridium thermoaceticum: structural and evolutionary implications. PMID:8113164
Relationship among coelacanths, lungfishes, and tetrapods: a phylogenetic analysis based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene sequences. PMID:8083885
Revision of the nucleotide sequence and RNA splicing pathway of the Neurospora mitochondrial gene encoding ATPase subunit 6. PMID:8082202
tRNA genes of Streptomyces lividans: new sequences and comparison of structure and organization with those of other bacteria. PMID:8071238
The cytochrome b region in the mitochondrial DNA of the ant Tetraponera rufoniger: sequence divergence in Hymenoptera may be associated with nucleotide content. PMID:8006995
Protein synthesis in mitochondria. PMID:7969106
Termination of protein synthesis. PMID:7969105
Mitochondrial DNA of the sea anemone, Metridium senile (Cnidaria): prokaryote-like genes for tRNA(f-Met) and small-subunit ribosomal RNA, and standard genetic code specificities for AGR and ATA codons. PMID:7966369
Analysis of directional mutation pressure and nucleotide content in mitochondrial cytochrome b genes. PMID:7932780
Molecular cloning of a 46-kilodalton surface antigen (P46) gene from Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae: direct evidence of CGG codon usage for arginine. PMID:7896725
Chloroplast ribosomes and protein synthesis. PMID:7854253
The CUG codon is decoded in vivo as serine and not leucine in Candida albicans. PMID:7784200
An operational RNA code for amino acids and variations in critical nucleotide sequences in evolution. PMID:7783226
Recombinant 46-kilodalton surface antigen (P46) of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae expressed in Escherichia coli can be used for early specific diagnosis of mycoplasmal pneumonia of swine by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. PMID:7751376
The "universal" leucine codon CTG in the secreted aspartyl proteinase 1 (SAP1) gene of Candida albicans encodes a serine in vivo. PMID:7751316
Codon usage, genetic code and phylogeny of Dictyostelium discoideum mitochondrial DNA as deduced from a 7.3-kb region. PMID:7736610
Blepharisma uses UAA as a termination codon. PMID:7685500
Relatedness of a periplasmic, broad-specificity RNase from Aeromonas hydrophila to RNase I of Escherichia coli and to a family of eukaryotic RNases. PMID:7685334
On codon reassignment. PMID:7666454
DNA sequence, structure, and phylogenetic relationship of the mitochondrial small-subunit rRNA from the red alga Chondrus crispus (Gigartinales rhodophytes). PMID:7666449
Genetic code deviations in the ciliates: evidence for multiple and independent events. PMID:7621837
Evolution of tRNA recognition systems and tRNA gene sequences. PMID:7540216
A small mitochondrial double-stranded (ds) RNA element associated with a hypovirulent strain of the chestnut blight fungus and ancestrally related to yeast cytoplasmic T and W dsRNAs. PMID:7521532
Comparison of the patterns of codon usage and bias between Brugia, Echinococcus, Onchocerca and Schistosoma species. PMID:7501637
Relationship between the flagellates and the ciliates. PMID:1480107 -
Evolutionary changes in the genetic code
PubMed citations: 42.
42 articles citing: Evolutionary changes in the genetic code
Frameshift and wild-type proteins are often highly similar because the genetic code and genomes were optimized for frameshift tolerance. PMID:35655139
Enzymatic noncovalent synthesis of peptide assemblies generates multimolecular crowding in cells for biomedical applications. PMID:34817487
Complete Mitochondrial Genome of Pseudocaranx dentex (Carangidae, Perciformes) Provides Insight into Phylogenetic and Evolutionary Relationship among Carangidae Family. PMID:34440408
Haplotype-resolved diverse human genomes and integrated analysis of structural variation. PMID:33632895
Enzymatic Noncovalent Synthesis for Mitochondrial Genetic Engineering of Cancer Cells. PMID:33511360
Crick Wobble and Superwobble in Standard Genetic Code Evolution. PMID:33409542
Prediction and Characterization of Cationic Arginine-Rich Plant Antimicrobial Peptide SM-985 From Teosinte (Zea mays ssp. mexicana). PMID:32636825
The transcriptome of the rumen ciliate Entodinium caudatum reveals some of its metabolic features. PMID:31864285
A degeneration-reducing criterion for optimal digital mapping of genetic codes. PMID:30984363
Dynamic Characteristics and HIV Infection of Men who have Sex with Men from 2011 to 2017 in Yinchuan, Ningxia, China. PMID:30659545
Intraspecific variations in Cyt b and D-loop sequences of Testudine species, Lissemys punctata from south Karnataka. PMID:30046490
Mitochondrial mutations in human cancer: Curation of translation. PMID:28873329
A close-up view of codon selection in eukaryotic initiation. PMID:28340329
Differential bicodon usage in lowly and highly abundant proteins. PMID:28289571
How tRNAs dictate nuclear codon reassignments: Only a few can capture non-cognate codons. PMID:28095181
Two complete mitochondrial genomes from Praticolella mexicana Perez, 2011 (Polygyridae) and gene order evolution in Helicoidea (Mollusca, Gastropoda). PMID:27833437
Cross-species conservation of complementary amino acid-ribonucleobase interactions and their potential for ribosome-free encoding. PMID:26656258
Study of the Binding Energies between Unnatural Amino Acids and Engineered Orthogonal Tyrosyl-tRNA Synthetases. PMID:26220470
Ancient DNA sequence revealed by error-correcting codes. PMID:26159228
Chemical Evolution of a Bacterial Proteome. PMID:26136259
A symmetry model for genetic coding via a wallpaper group composed of the traditional four bases and an imaginary base E: towards category theory-like systematization of molecular/genetic biology. PMID:24885369
Predicting the fungal CUG codon translation with Bagheera. PMID:24885275
Are "universal" DNA primers really universal? PMID:24839163
Molecular codes in biological and chemical reaction networks. PMID:23372756
A universal trend among proteomes indicates an oily last common ancestor. PMID:23300421
Transfer RNA modifications: nature's combinatorial chemistry playground. PMID:23139145
Updating our view of organelle genome nucleotide landscape. PMID:22973299
NovelSNPer: A Fast Tool for the Identification and Characterization of Novel SNPs and InDels. PMID:22110502
Stops making sense: translational trade-offs and stop codon reassignment. PMID:21801361
Complex phylogenetic distribution of a non-canonical genetic code in green algae. PMID:20977766
Dual functions of codons in the genetic code. PMID:20446809
A comparative genomics analysis of codon reassignments reveals a link with mitochondrial proteome size and a mechanism of genetic code change via suppressor tRNAs. PMID:17390094
Gene algebra from a genetic code algebraic structure. PMID:16012800
Functional constraint and divergence in the G protein family in Caenorhabditis elegans and Caenorhabditis briggsae. PMID:15856303
Evolution of phage with chemically ambiguous proteomes. PMID:14667253
Comparative evolutionary genomics unveils the molecular mechanism of reassignment of the CTG codon in Candida spp. PMID:12670996
IS1634, a novel insertion element creating long, variable-length direct repeats which is specific for Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides small-colony type. PMID:9973360
Reassigning cysteine in the genetic code of Escherichia coli. PMID:9755188
Amber suppression in Escherichia coli by unusual mitochondria-like transfer RNAs. PMID:9465022
Genetic and molecular analysis of a tRNA(Leu) missense suppressor of nudC3, a mutation that blocks nuclear migration in Aspergillus nidulans. PMID:9055080
Transfer RNA structural change is a key element in the reassignment of the CUG codon in Candida albicans. PMID:8890179
Codon usage, genetic code and phylogeny of Dictyostelium discoideum mitochondrial DNA as deduced from a 7.3-kb region. PMID:7736610
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dna sequence data
metasource: Fairsharing.org
version: FAIRsharing.org: Genetic Codes; Genetic Codes; DOI: https://doi.org/10.25504/FAIRsharing.6brrxe; Last edited: June 15, 2021, 1:42 p.m.; Last accessed: Jan 03 2022 7:06 p.m.
deoxyribonucleic acid
metasource: Fairsharing.org
version: FAIRsharing.org: Genetic Codes; Genetic Codes; DOI: https://doi.org/10.25504/FAIRsharing.6brrxe; Last edited: June 15, 2021, 1:42 p.m.; Last accessed: Jan 03 2022 7:06 p.m.
nucleotide sequence databases
metasource: Nucleic Acid Research database catalogue
version: extracted_at: 2022-11-04T11:16:25.468657
coding and non-coding dna
metasource: Nucleic Acid Research database catalogue
version: extracted_at: 2022-11-04T11:16:25.468657
Tags
More detailed information about this field from each metasource.
dna sequence data
metasource: Fairsharing.orgversion: FAIRsharing.org: Genetic Codes; Genetic Codes; DOI: https://doi.org/10.25504/FAIRsharing.6brrxe; Last edited: June 15, 2021, 1:42 p.m.; Last accessed: Jan 03 2022 7:06 p.m.
deoxyribonucleic acid
metasource: Fairsharing.orgversion: FAIRsharing.org: Genetic Codes; Genetic Codes; DOI: https://doi.org/10.25504/FAIRsharing.6brrxe; Last edited: June 15, 2021, 1:42 p.m.; Last accessed: Jan 03 2022 7:06 p.m.
nucleotide sequence databases
metasource: Nucleic Acid Research database catalogueversion: extracted_at: 2022-11-04T11:16:25.468657
coding and non-coding dna
metasource: Nucleic Acid Research database catalogueversion: extracted_at: 2022-11-04T11:16:25.468657
dna sequences dna nucleic acid sequence coding and non-coding dna
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